The genetic code is the recipe for life, and provides the instructions for how to make proteins, generally using just 20 amino acids. But certain groups of microbes have an expanded genetic code, in ...

More than two decades after scientists first sequenced the entire human genome—all 3 billion base pairs, of DNA code—the ...

Nevertheless, some preliminary steps have been taken. Researchers have managed to add some new amino acids to a bacterial ...

A new understanding of transfer RNA biology means researchers can assign up to 34 codons to amino acids of their choosing ...

Every known organism writes genetic information with four DNA letters, but laboratory chemistry is not limited to that ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. Recent breakthroughs in genetics research may have uncovered new genes underlying common psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia and ...

Researchers in Ireland say they created one of the fastest and most complex “DNA ...

Nearly every cell in the human body contains essentially the same genetic information, yet different cells activate different genes. For regulatory proteins to reach these genes, DNA must be ...

There may be no invention more important to the smooth functioning of consumer commerce than the bar code, that pattern of skinny lines that turns a simple cash register into an impressive ...

An essential cellular enzyme successfully transcribed synthetic DNA letters, bringing expanded genetic codes closer to biological use.

Widely grown in California and New Mexico, and on smaller farms in Virginia, peppers support both large-scale agriculture and ...